Our Hidden Lives
About The Book
I'd love to claim full credit for the birth and success
of Our Hidden Lives, but I'd feel guilty and get sarcastic
phonecalls. The book came about after an editor at Ebury
Press/Random House made contact with the Mass Observation
archive at the University of Sussex with the hope that
there may be a good book to be made from all that wonderful
material. The editor mentioned it to a colleague who
knew of my interest in working with oral history and
personal testimonies, and not long afterwards I found
myself at the Falmer campus near Brighton with my jaw
dropping open.
I first learnt about Mass Observation at school, but
knew very little about it. I knew it was formed in the
years before the Second World War, and that it contained
accounts of ordinary people's lives (people all over
the country sent answers to questionnaires and copies
of their diaries each month), but I had no idea about
the range or detail of the material. I now know a little
more.
In 1936, the anthropologist Tom Harrisson arrived back
in England from the South Pacific, where he had been
observing cannibals. Within weeks of his return he had
arrived at a startling realisation: remote tribes were
all very interesting, but they were not more interesting
than the inhabitants of Bolton, where Harrisson lived.
What was needed, he believed, was an ‘anthropology
of ourselves’, a study of everyday people living
regular lives. He reasoned that the press was not providing
this service, and the government did not understand the
most basic attitudes, desires and fears of those they
served.
At about the same time, two other men were reaching similar conclusions. Charles
Madge, a poet and journalist, and Humphrey Jennings, a documentary filmmaker,
wrote a letter to the New Statesman describing their plans for a new type of
scientific survey, one which would enable, for the first time, ordinary people
to explain the detail of their days. The letter appeared in the same issue
as the only published poem by Tom Harrisson, and in this way the concept of
Mass-Observation was born. Notices appeared in newspapers and magazines asking
for volunteers who would be willing to share their thoughts. More than 1,000
responded.
The methods of Harrisson and Madge/Jennings were very different. Harrisson
employed a team of paid professional observers - journalists, social scientists,
civil servants - to note down passing opinions and overheard conversations
in pubs, factories and holiday resorts. Madge and Jennings sent out ‘directives’,
questionnaires requiring ordered reactions to specific answers: what did they
think of Chamberlain? Did they engage in any sporting activity? What were the
advantages of having a royal family? New Observers were presented with a simple
task to get them in the swing: ‘As a first test of your powers of observation,
try the following: Write down in order from left to right all the objects on
your mantelpiece, mentioning what is in the middle...’
By September 1939 the tone had changed. A ‘Crisis Directive’, printed
in red ink, asked for specific reports on gas masks, masking windows and bomb-proof
shelters, and also this: ‘Failing further directions being sent you,
would you keep a diary for the next few weeks, keeping political discussion
at a minimum, concentrating on the details of your everyday life, your own
reactions and those of your family and others you meet.’ This was the
first request for free-form monthly diaries, and about 500 people responded
to the new challenge. They wrote from industrial centres, country towns and
remote villages, completing their diaries after their work as secretaries,
accountants, shopworkers, scientists, schoolteachers, civil servants, housewives
and electricity board inspectors.
In all, an estimated million pages found their way to the Mass-Observation
headquarters at Grotes Buildings, Blackheath. Some arrived on scraps of tissue,
some on scented notepaper, some neatly typewritten, many almost illegible.
Some people wrote three pages a month, some wrote 40. Some commented merely
on the weather and their journey to work; some wrote predominantly about the
contents of the newspapers; but some kept highly compelling and detailed journals
containing almost every joy, disappointment and quirk of their lives. In many
cases, married couples kept their writing secret from their partners, often
recording their days late into the evening or before daybreak.
Mass-Observation’s small staff were swiftly overwhelmed by the flood
of words they had released, and by the lucidity and diversity of its correspondents.
After a few years the founders of the project squabbled over what use to put
its assets and left for other work. New staff took over in an office in Bloomsbury,
and they claimed to read every submission that arrived. But the diarists received
little feedback, and in time came to wonder whether their work often lay undisturbed
in the sealed envelopes in which they were sent.
The diaries are now lovingly archived in cardboard boxes at Sussex, where they
are frequently examined by students and researchers concerned with the build-up
and progression of the Second World War. Most diarists had stopped by 1945,
but a few kept on writing as the country emerged to face momentous change and
great challenges. The passage from war to peace is told in the simplest, most
personal and moving terms, providing a singular window into the British temperament
during one of the most under-examined periods of our recent history. Pure and
direct, the impression that emerges from these writings is truly one of a vanished
England, where a trip to the Charing Cross Road is a treasured event, and where
a moment’s slight by a neighbour is likely to be remembered for years.
On my first visit it was hard to know where to start reading: there were tens
of thousands of pages to sift through and many reels of microfiche. Inevitably
I was drawn to the ones I could read easily, and to those who wrote well. The
initial thought was to do something connected with the war, but then I wondered
if it would be more interesting to start looking at the post-war material:
there wasn't so much of it, and the period was studied far less. Also, I knew
relatively little about what happened between 1945-48, and I became hooked
as soon as I read the first entries. The most striking thing was how often
the diarists wrote 'but I thought we had won the war...'. The austerity dragged
on and on, the weather got worse and worse, the new Labour Government raised
taxes and imposed restrictions unimagined even in wartime, and people wrote
about it day-to-day as an intrepid British adventure...
The original plan was to have nine or ten diarists in the book, but it soon
became clear that this would have entailed editing them to shreds. Eventually
I chose five, and tried to tell the history of the period through them.
Fortunately, one can also read the book just as five highly engaging character
studies. By the time I had whittled down my choice to those who were legible,
those who wrote throughout the period and those who wrote more than just 'I
got up, went to work, went to bed,' I was left with about thirty diarists to
choose from, and I then selected what I believed to be the most interesting
and engaging five. It was also important to get a combination of men and women
with different ages, outlooks and locations.
My first thought was to run from VE Day in May 1945 to the Festival of Britain
in 1951, the event long considered the watershed of a new modern Britain. But
the diaries begin to peter out at the end of the 1940s (though a few Mass Observers
wrote until the 1960s), and I reasoned that the birth of the NHS in 1948 -
the pinnacle of Attlee's reforms - might be a better place to stop. Also, it
meant that the book would be a manageable length, and readers wouldn't get
hernias.
I like all five diarists in the book for different reasons. B Charles is a
terrible snob and horrendously anti-Semitic, but his entries are compelling;
Maggie Joy Blunt is an intense, astute and lyrical writer; Edie Rutherford's
displays of fortitude are inspiring; George Taylor's buttoned-down world-view
is curmudgeonly, proper and enquiring; and Herbert Brush is effortlessly and
constantly amusing with his tireless creosoting, brave allotmenteering and
furtive desire to eat sausage rolls in the National Gallery. Everyone who reads
the book seems to find their own things to enjoy and abhor about all of them.
The common link is that they are all sincere, and write without an eye on future
publication. As such, their diaries are an invaluable, if incomplete guide
to what life was really like at that time.
None of the diarists are around anymore, but if they were here today they'd
probably be shocked at how cosseted and secure most of us are in our lives,
and how far our standard of living has improved. They would be confused by
the choices we have, and bemused by the technology. They would see how the
NHS and social welfare reforms that were so novel in their diaries have became
a cornerstone of our society. They probably would have been against the war
in Iraq. Goodness knows what they would have made of email and mobile phones;
I would have liked to have seen Herbert Brush tackle both of them.
I have often been asked whether I keep a diary myself. I don’t, mostly
because I write for a living and in the evenings I prefer to do something else.
Also, I think – probably mistakenly - that my daily emails are a sort
of diary. In the past I believed that 'no one would be interested in my humdrum
life,' a thought obviously negated by the existence of this website, but also
another factor: in sixty years time a historian might find the humdrum details
fascinating, just as we do now with the diaries in Our Hidden Lives.
In October 2005 there will be a BBC Four drama based on the book, directed
by Michael Samuels, written by David Eldridge, and starring Richard Briers,
Sarah Parish, Lesley Sharp and Ian McDiarmid.
The extract is from the beginning of the book, and
introduces four out of the five diarists writing in May
1945 (B Charles only takes up his pen in November).
The audio extract begins where the text excerpt finishes,
and is taken from the Random House recording produced
by Stuart Owen and featuring Joan Walker as Edie Rutherford,
Moir Leslie as Maggie Joy Blunt, and Jeffrey Perry as
Herbert Brush.
For more information about Mass Observation, visit www.massobs.org.uk
